William Blake And The Divine Image Essay - 2209 Words

William Blake, a transitional figure in British literature, was the first romantic poet to focus on content instead of form. Blake is one of the great mystics of the world, like Henry More and Wordsworth; he lived in a world of glory, of spirit and of vision, which, for him, was the only real world. His devotion to God expresses through his lyrical poetry collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. This collection contains 51 poems where the poems of Innocence are counter part of the poems of Experience. ‘The Lamb’, ‘The Divine Image’ and are poems from Songs of Innocence and ‘The Tyger’, ‘The Sick Rose’ and ‘The Human Abstract’ are poems from Songs of Experience. Blake’s poetry can easily be interpreted by the theory of New Criticism that attempts to treat each work as its own distinct piece, free from its environment, era, and even author. Poetry is one of the most useful expressions of a mystic†™s inner experiences. By nature Blake, a mystic is able to access a state of consciousness that is beyond the usual awareness of humanity. This paper will give a glimpse to its readers about Blake’s poetic vision on world, its connection with God along with a clear concept that unconsciously his lyrics maintain the theory of new critics who give more importance to close analysis of form, literary devices, and technique of a text. Blake, English painter-poet, has been the subject of many scholarly works since the end of the Nineteenth Century. Not until the TwentiethShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake s Poem, The Divine Image And The Human Abstract2156 Words   |  9 PagesOver time, man Christians who have a firm foundation in the Bible begin to develop and express their own theories. William Blake was one of these people. While he wrote many things, the poems â€Å"the Divine Image† and â€Å"the Human Abstract† from his books Songs of Innocence and of Experience hit on a deeper level inside of Christianity. When reading the works of others it is important to know what the actual gospel truth is and then what the poet’s truth is. These lines are blurred in these two poemsRead MoreA Comparison of Blake’s Poems â€Å"the Divine Image† and â€Å"the Human Abstract†1090 Words   |  5 PagesErich Nolan CMLT-C205 3/19/12 A Comparison of Blake’s Poems â€Å"The Divine Image† and â€Å"The Human Abstract† William Blake (1757-1827, London) is considered the first of the great English Romantic poets; he was also a master engraver, a printer, and a painter. Blake was not widely known during his life and it wasn’t until some time after his death that his poetic works became widely read. Two of his best-known works â€Å"Songs of Innocence† (SoI) and â€Å"Songs of Experience† (SoE) contain the poemsRead MoreThe Human Abstract Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifestations in Blakes manuscripts, reading it against A Divine Image, a poem w hich was never finally published by Blake, or comparing it to its Innocence counterpart, The Divine Image. Most critics seem to agree that The Human Abstract represents a philosophical turning point in The Songs of Innocence and of Expe rience, and in Blakes work as a whole. In 1924, Joseph H. Wicksteed observes that this difficult poem, originally called The human Image, represents Blakes attempt to summarize hisRead MoreThe Tyger B y William Blake Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tyger is a six-stanza poem written by an American poet, William Blake. This poem has many interpretation, in a way you could say it is a biblical as well as a symbolic poem, as ‘The Tyger’ is actually the contrast to one of Blake s other poem, The Lamb, both poems are from the book of â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience†. If you are familiar with the Christian Bible, it states â€Å"Jesus is the Lamb of God.† The Tyger is comprised of unanswered questions as to who could have created a terrifyingRead More The Complexity of William Blakes Poetry Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe Complexity of William Blakes Poetry Northrop Frye, in his critical essay, Poetry and Design, states; In a world as specialized as ours, concentration on one gift and a rigorous subordination of all others is practically a moral principle (Frye 137). William Blakes refusal to follow this moral principle by putting his poetry before his art, or vice versa, makes his work extraordinary as well as complex and ambiguous. Although critics attempt to juggle Blakes equally impressive talentsRead MoreWilliam Black - I Heard an Angel Singing1404 Words   |  6 PagesWILLIAM BLAKE â€Å"I heard an angel singing† A Matter of Life an Death Abstract In this poem William Blake at the beginning speaks about an angel, who was singing in the small hours every day. An angel was singing all day about mercy, pity, peace, which is the world ´s release. Angel was positive feature. He tried to help people. His voice is really beautiful and people feel good during his singing. Devil cursed mercy, pity and peace, because he saw all men are happy in the world and they don ´tRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth And The Echoing Green905 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant events in which the literary works were published (â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth and â€Å"The Echoing Green† by William Blake). However these poets both use nature around them as a symbolic meaning to express their current emotions and feelings, which both sparked memories from watching nature. My thesis intends to examine the question: Why William Wordsworth and William Blake had such a symbolic meaning in their poems? This thesis will atte mpt to answer this questionRead MoreEssay about William Blakes The Tyger850 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blakes The Tyger In â€Å"The Tyger,† William Blake uses meter and rhyme to enhance both the meaning and the rhythm of his piece. The chanting nature is reinforced by frequent end-stop and catalectic endings for the lines. By melding these devices, Blake has managed to create a powerful poem – hidden in the casual style of a nursery rhyme. The meter of â€Å"The Tyger† is mostly trochaic tetrameter (four feet per line; stressed-unstressed). Or trochaic three-and-a-half meter, reallyRead MoreThe Transformation: Then and Now2186 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"So God created human beings in his own image. In the image of God he created them; male and female he created them† (New Living Translation, Gen. 1.27). William Blake, in his poem â€Å"The Divine Image†, uses multiple literary techniques, such as personification and repetition, to portray his idea that man and God share many of the same divine qualities. He later wrote the poem â€Å"A Divine Image†, which contrasts with the first by discussing the negative aspects of human beings. These negative characteristicsRead MoreAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKES SONGS2960 Words   |  12 PagesAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S SONGS OF INNOCENCE AND OF EXPERIENCE AS A RESPONSE TO THE COLLAPSE OF VALUES TIMOTHY VINESâˆâ€" Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience are a much studied part of the English canon, and for good reason. Blake’s work depicts a quandary that continues to haunt humanity today: the struggle of high-order humanity against the ‘real’ rationality and morals of institutionalised society. This essay seeks to explore both Blake’s literary reaction to the Enlightenment and the

Psycology Reflective Essay - 1296 Words

Psychology 445 Reflective Essay This class has not only enabled me to become a better student, but also a more productive adult in various ways. Initially, I came into your class ecstatic because I knew the journey I would embark would be an exciting one; however, I encountered challenges throughout the course although learning new psychological methods is enthusing to me. I learned about the origin of psychology and the evolution of modern psychology. In further detail, I will discuss how the learning goals of this course have influenced my career and personal life. When I began college, I was undecided about what to study. Initially, I enrolled as Biology major. I majored in biology for three years of my college career. Because†¦show more content†¦In order to totally comprehend psychology, one must first go back into its history and explore its origins. A question that I asked myself and became informed of throughout the course of this semester is: â€Å"How did the studies of Psychology originate? What period was Psychology created?† Because I was able to question myself, I became more involved and interesting not only in Psychology 445, but the overall studies of Psychology. As I answered these questions, I realized that Psychology involves a massive range of topics; alongside, examining the human’s developmental patterns and mental practices from cultural level to neural level. Interestingly, I learned that Speech Pathologists study the same materials as Psychologists. For example, both patricians must know matters pertaining to human mental concerns. These issues can begin right from delivery and endure up until the death of the person. Through the knowledge developed in Psychology 445, I will be able to better comprehend how the individual topics are studied and what has been taught thus far. One of my most beloved and studied psychologist has been Sigmund Freud (Freud). Independently, I studied Freud; the famous Austrian physician transformed the entire face of psychology in such an intense way by creating a theory of personality that strained on the significance of the unconscious mind. Freud’s involvement with clients anguish

Christian Science Free Essays

â€Å"There is no life, truth, intelligence, nor substance in matter. All is infinite Mind and its infinite manifestation, for God is All-in-all. Spirit is immortal Truth; matter is mortal error. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Spirit is the real and eternal; matter is the unreal and temporal. Spirit is God, and man is His image and likeness. Therefore man is not material; he is spiritual. † (SH 468) â€Å"Christian Science founder, Mary Baker Eddy was born in Bow, New Hampshire, in 1821. Her parents were devout Christians and she joined a Congregational Church at age 17. She was chronically sick growing up with many ailments including paralysis, hysteria, seizures and convulsions.At 22, she married her first of three husbands, George Glover, who died within 6 months from yellow fever. †(http://www. watchman. org/profile/chrsciprofile. htm) â€Å"In 1862, she began to learn from Phineas Quimby the possibility of cures without medicine. In 1866 (the year Quimby died), she suffered a severe injury after a fall on ice, and claimed a complete cure without the intervention of medicine. She was reading an account of one of Jesus’ healings in the Bible when she suddenly realized that healing comes by spiritual means, and she was instantly cured. â€Å"Eddy thereafter devoted herself to the recovery of the healing emphasis in early Christianity, and in 1875 she completed the first edition of her major book, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. In 1879, the Church of Christ (Scientist) was incorporated with the purpose of ‘commemorating the word and works of our Master’.She became chief pastor of the Mother Church, and wrote The Manual of the Mother Church to govern its affairs. She is referred to as Mrs. Eddy by church members. † (http://www. watchman. org/profile/chrsciprofile. tml) At the end of the 20th century, the church had about 2,500 congregations in 70 countries; its headquarters is at the Mother Church in Boston. The fundamental distinctive teaching of Christian Science is that creation is entirely spiritual and perfect and matter does not exist. Sin, sickness and death also do not exist; we only think they do. â€Å"The only reality of sin, sickness, or death is the awful fact that unrealities seem real to human, erring belief, until God strips off their disguise† (Science and Health, 472:27-29). http://www. watchman. org/profile/chrsciprofile. htm) â€Å"The Christian Science Church is declining rapidly. Between 1971 and 2009 the number of U. S. practitioners and teachers listed in the Christian Science Journal fell from about 5,000 to about 1,160 and the number of churches fell from about 1,800 to about 900 [9]. In November 2005, Rita Swan noted: The Christian Science Monitor had over 175,000 subscribers in 1988. Today it has 53,203 subscribers worldwide, but its circulation has fallen by more than 10% in the past six months.Even more startling, the Christian Science Board of Directors recently told a regional membership gathering that only 15,000 of those subscribers are members of the Christian Science church. (Thousands of the subscribers are libraries. ) The Manual of the Mother Church, which provides the rules for church members, requires all members to subscribe to all church periodicals if they can afford it. Many of those subscriptions are going to homes with only one church member (a widow, a single person, or a person who married outside the faith). It therefore seems highly likely that the Christian Science church today has no more than 30,000 members. Around the time of World War II, when the church had to report its membership to the government in order to be allowed to have military chaplains, it reported having 268,915 members in 1936 [10]. In December 2009, I found that the number of practitioners and teachers had plummeted to only 333 (a 75% drop in only four years). † (http://www. quackwatch. com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/cs2. html )The largest population of Christian Scientists is in Boston, MA and St Louis, MO. Principia is a pre-school-college that is located in the St Louis area for Christian Scientists and many families have moved their so their children can attend. Boston is the home of The Mother Church and The Christian Science Monitor amongst others and so many people live and work in that area. (http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_demographics_of_christian_science_people_in_ame rica ) Christian Scientists refer to God as â€Å"Father-Mother† rather than the biblical â€Å"Father. Though unconventional, this is not a major departure from mainstream Christianity, since God is believed to encompass both male and female (both were created â€Å"in the image of God†). Christian Science teaches that Jesus is divine but not God, and that Jesus’ human nature is a separate entity from the divine Christ. â€Å"Jesus Christ is not God, as Jesus himself declared, but is the Son of God† (Science and Health, 361:12-13). â€Å"Jesus is the name of the man who, more than all other men, has presented Christ, the true idea of God, healing the sick and sinning and destroying the power of death† (Science and Health, 473:10-17).Mrs. Eddy rejected the traditional doctrine of the Trinity, saying that it suggests polytheism (Science and Health, 256:9-11). She did, however, accept the threefold nature of God, defining it as a trinity of â€Å"Life, Truth, and Love,† or â€Å"God the Father-Mother, Christ the spiritual idea of sonship, and divine Science or the Holy Comforter† (Science and Health 331:26-332:3). Christian Scientists are neither creationists nor biblical literalists. They regard the story of the creation in the Book of Genesis as having symbolic rather than literal meaning. However, Eddy also believed that the theory of evolution wrongly portrayed man as mortal rather than spiritual: â€Å"Theorizing about man’s development from mushrooms to monkeys and from monkeys into men amounts to nothing in the right direction and very much in the wrong. â€Å"[20] Thus, from the Christian Science point of view, both creationism and evolution are false as they both proceed from a belief in the reality of a material universe. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Christian_Science) The Christian Science position on the nature of evil may be stated as follows: â€Å"Evil is a negation, because it is the absence of truth.It is nothing, because it is the absence of something. It is unreal, because it presupposes the absence of God, the omnipotent and omnipresent. Every mortal must learn that there is neither power nor reality in evil†. [17] This statement should not be taken as meaning that Christian Scientists ignore the belief of evil and its effects, but they do not see evil as either an aspect of God, or as a real power separate from God. Evil is not fundamentally â€Å"real† because it is not part of God’s being or his creation. But it may appear to be real as a mistaken concept of God and man, and consequently must be â€Å"seen through† rather than ignored.Christian Scientists believe God and his creation to be wholly and only good. (http://www. religionfacts. com/a-z-religion-index/christian_science. htm) Eddy defined salvation as follows: â€Å"Life, Truth, and Love understood and demonstrated as supreme over all; sin, sickness and death destroyed† (Science and Health, 593:20-22). Heaven and hell are states of mind. Heaven is â€Å"not a locality, but a divine state of Mind in which all the manifestations of Mind are harmonious and immortal† (Science and Health, 291:13-16). It is â€Å"Harmony; the reign of Spirit; government by the divine Principle; spirituality; bliss; the atmosphere of Soul. (Science and Health, 587:25-27). Hell is â€Å"Mortal belief; error; lust; remorse; hatred; revenge; sin; sickness; death; suffering and self-destruction; self-imposed agony; effects of sin; that which ‘worketh abomination or maketh a lie. ‘† (Science and Health, 588:1-4). Individuals are thought to â€Å"pass on† to an existence similar to that experienced before death, where they can continue making strides toward eternal salvation. Death is considered the â€Å"last enemy† that does not offer any advantage toward salvation. (http://www. patheos. om/Library/Christian-Science/Beliefs/Afterlife-and-Salvation. html) Their standard from morality comes from Eddy’s book. â€Å"And we solemnly promise to watch, and pray for that Mind to be in us which was also in Christ Jesus; to do unto others as we would have them do unto us; and to be merciful, just, and pure. † (Science and Health(496)) Readers lead Sunday services based on readings from the Bible and Eddy’s Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. These are based on Lesson-Sermons developed by the Mother Church, which are also used in daily private study. http://www. religionfacts. com/a-z-religion-index/christian_science. htm) Spiritual healing of disease is a central focus of the Church of Christ, Scientist, for its own sake as well as its evidence of redemption from the flesh. Most members refuse medical help for disease. This is the church’s most controversial practice. However, Christian Scientists are generally teach cooperation with local laws, such as in getting vaccinations, reporting communicable diseases, etc. , and leave the decision to seek physical treatments up to each individual. â€Å"Healthcare decisions are How to cite Christian Science, Papers Christian Science Free Essays The basic philosophy of Christian Science is idealism. â€Å"Nothing is real and eternal; nothing is spirit- but God and his ideal; evil has no reality. † The primary theme of The Bible is that spiritual power always triumphs over material power. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, illness is not real. Instead, it is simply a failure of faith and this can be documented, â€Å"scientifically,† in the lives of those who have genuine faith. Christian Science was discovered and founded by Mary Baker Eddy. â€Å"The Mother Church. † Raised in a strict, religious home, she derived her lifelong interest in Christianity and the Bible. Throughout her childhood and into her adult years, she was plagued with ill health. This motivated her to study alternative methods in healing, which deviated from the then current medical techniques, which had failed her. After her first husband’s death, she began to study a number of healing ministries. At the age of forty-one, she sought a cure from a healer, Phineas Quimby. Mr. Quimby was a clockmaker who developed a method of natural healing. He emphasized the role of the human mind in achieving bodily health. Mr.  Quimby felt that the key to healing lay in the confidence by the healer in the patient’s recovery, and in the confidence that the patient has in the healer’s ability. Mrs. Eddy was a student-associate of Mr. Quimby until his death in 1866. Initially, her health improved under his care, but later she suffered a relapse. Shortly afterwards, she fell on an icy sidewalk and severely injured herself. Some did not expect her to survive. On what she believed to her deathbed, she read one of Jesus’ healings and suddenly realized that healing comes not from internal bodily processes, or from the power of a person’s mind, but from the Divine Mind, God. She was instantly cured. Mrs. Eddy withdrew from society for three years in order to concentrate on a deep search through the Bible and discover precisely how her healing had taken place. She wished to share this knowledge with others, and to give them the tools to take away sin and achieve health. Mrs. Eddy then wrote her book, Science and Health, later called Science and Health with key to the scriptures. This book explains how Christian Science heals and by just reading it, people are healed. Many people have speculated on the source of Mrs.  Eddy’s new beliefs. Some skeptics have implied that she plagiarized much of Mr. Quimby’s writings and teachings. The difference between the two was quite obvious, Mary Baker Eddy had always been deeply committed to Christianity and Mr. Quimby was highly antagonistic towards it. Mrs. Eddy determined that it was the Divine Mind, God, who healed, no the human mind. After the book was published, her teachings were welcomed and adopted by many Americans, but bitterly opposed by many traditional Christian authorities. The church went though a period of rapid growth during the first half of the twentieth-century. Membership leveled out by 1950 and has gradually declined. They operate Christian Science Reading rooms where the public is invited to read the Bible and literature published by the church. These reading rooms are in many communities and anyone is welcome. An estimate of about 400,000 people follows Christian Science teachings. The church has about 2,300 branch congregations in 60 countries. There are about 1,600 congregations in the United States and about sixty in Canada. Christian Science is practiced worldwide except for Northwest Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of the Central, East, and Southeast Asia. Christian Scientists do not generally use medicine or go to doctors. They respect the work of the medical profession, but choose prayer as treatment for themselves and their children rather than medicine because they have experienced prayer’s effectiveness many times in their lives. The regeneration of heart and mind that brings about physical healing is the most significant element of healing. The teachings of Christ Jesus are central to Christian Science, and his healing work provides and example of how his followers can turn to God’s omnipotent love for healing. Over the years, Christian Science religious publications have provided thousands of accounts of healing through prayer. Each week testimonies of healings are published to the Christian Science Sentinel and each month in The Christian Science Journal. Healing is accomplished not though blind faith but through a growing understanding of God and a recognition of one’s identity as God’s reflection. This can be gained through the study of Christian Science. It is the result of drawing closer to god through coming to know the loving kindness of his divine laws and the perfection of his spiritual creation. Christian Scientists often pray for themselves and find healing. If one feels the need for additional prayerful assistance, however, he or she can call a Christian Science Practitioner. Practitioners are men and women who devote their full time to helping others through prayer. The practitioners claim no personal healing power. God alone heals. The practitioner just as the patient turns to God in humility and willingness to hear his direction and followed his guidance. In church, Christian Scientists practice the daily stuffy of the Bible and Science and Health. There are no ordained clergy in the church. Services are conducted by readers who read from the Bible, from Science and health, and from lesson sermons sent from the mother church. Christian Scientists believe in one, infinite God who is all and all good. They believe that God is not distant or unknowable, but that God is all encompassing and always present. And that God loves each individual, cared for by him, and made in God’s image- spiritual, not material. How to cite Christian Science, Essay examples

Species Distribution of Liverworts in Mt. Kalatungan, Pangantucan, Bukidnon free essay sample

These plants are easily overlooked because of their small sizes, yet play a very important role in the ecosystem. It is widely distributed, occurring from the arctic to the tropics. Some grow in relatively dry places and most occur where moisture is generally available, such as on damp soil or moist rotting logs, along shaded   stream banks, on rocks in streams, or on wet rock outcroppings; a few even grow under saline conditions. The leafy and thalloid liverworts are the two groups of taxonomic characters. Furthermore, liverworts generally grow in consistently moist habitats, occupying niches where competition with vascular plants is minimal. Spray zones of waterfalls or wetlands such as bogs, fens, and streams seeps, are often rich in hepatics. Shaded old-growth forests also support liverwort growth, particularly in mesic or even hydric habitats. Thalloid liverworts grow on consistently damp rock faces or in wetlands. Other species may grow in shaded crevices and among mosses in more xeric conditions. Liverworts also may colonize moist or submerged rocks (Scapania nemorosa, Porella pinnata), grow under water (Ricciocarpus fluitans), found on logs and humic soil in mesic forests (Nowellia curvifloria, Bazzania trilobata) and grows on tree bark (Frullania eboracensis). Different forest associations favor a variety of liverwort assemblages (Schuster, 2000)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several liverworts species reported in traditional Chinese medicine such as Marchantia, Pallavicinia, Plagiochila and Lepidozia (Saxena and Harinder, 2004). Furthermore, liverworts   also been considered to play a significant role in the global carbon budget (O’Neill, 2000) and CO2 exchange and have been used as indicator of past climate change, and as potential indicators of global warming (Gignac, 2001; De Lucia et al,2003). In the present study, the researchers attempted to assessed the number of liverworts   that are distributed in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan and possibly   identify new possible species in the sites selected wherein the said mountain showed a very cold environment and are required as favorable condition to different bryophytes growing on tree trunks, soils and on rock moist surfaces within the study site. So far, very few studies have examined the liverworts community structure and its relationships to substrates and vegetation type, likewise, no central source towards synthesis of nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution patterns and conservation at   a regional level, thus this present study is conceived. Statement of the Problem The study attempted to assess the distribution of liverworts   in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: 1. How are the species be classified, identified and described? .. How are the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest? 3. What are the species of liverworts identified with medicinal value? Objectives of the Study The study attempted to assess the liverworts   in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Specifically, it aimed to: 1. Collect, identify and classify the liverworts at the study sites. 2. Determine how the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest. 3. Determine the species of liverworts identified with medicinal value. Significance of the Study This study will provide additional baseline information regarding the taxonomic structure, habitat and the distribution of the species of liverworts. Results will benefit the students, teachers, scientists, biologists and the people in the community about the existence of liverworts. It will also give additional information regarding the role of liverworts in ecology and medicine. More importantly, this will guide scientists on what global actions are needed to conserve the earth’s forest ecosystem. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study is only limited on the distribution and ecology of liverworts in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan in Bukidnon. The species were collected within the specified quadrat. It was conducted last December 27-29, 2012. Theoretical Framework Review of Related Literature The Liverworts: Classification, Habitat, Life   Cycle and Ecology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Bryophytes are non-vascular plants. They are simple, green, and undergoing photosynthetic activity in the forest ecosystem. There are three distinct lineages namely; mosses (Bryopsida or Musci), liverworts (Hepaticopsida or Hepaticae), and Hornworts (Anthocerotopsida or Anthocerotae). There are 24,000 species of bryophytes worldwide. It is estimated that about 6,000 to 8,000 species for liverworts, though, when Neotropical regions are studied this population may approach 10,000 species. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus, but most are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss. Other species of liverworts have leafy appearance of mosses but they lack midribs or costa. Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2-20 mm wide with individual plants less than 10 cm long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, Rocks, trees, or any other reasonably firm substrate on which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and arctic species as well. Some species can be nuisance in shady green houses or a weed in gardens. Leafy Liverworts ( Jungermaniidae) A leafy liverwort typically has leaves of two sizes, arranged in three rows along the stem. The larger leaves (called lateral leaves) grow in two rows, along opposite sides of the stem. The great majority of leafy liverworts is prostrate plants and grows along some substrate (e. g. soil, bark, leaves, and rock). In such a growth form the lateral leaves are parallel to the substrate and the third row of leaves is on the underside of the stem which explains why they are often called under leaves. The coplanar arrangement of the lateral leaves gives leafy liverworts a flat look that is rare in mosses. The leaves themselves vary greatly in shape, depending on species. The leaves range from fairly simple, rounded shapes to heavily divide. The margins may be smooth to toothed to hairy (http://www. anbg. gov. au/bryophyte/liverwort-leafy. html). Thallose Liverworts (Marchantiidae) Liverworts of this type have a plant body with no stem-leaf structure, but consist instead of a thallus a large flat plate, one to several cells thick. The thallus maybe subdivided into lobes, and these may vary in width from 2-3 millimeters or more according to the species. In some species there is a thickened midrib, and some may have pores (small holes) dotted about their surface(http://www. hiddenforest. co. nz/bryophytes/liverworts/intro. tm). Habitat of Liverworts Liverworts are literally found everywhere. They flourish on every continent and landmass, and exploit a remarkably diverse array of microhabitats. In addition to growing in persistently moist environments, such as in fresh water, on forest floors, waterfall splash zones, and stream banks, some are well adapted to microhabitats where water is limited. These include on bark and t wigs (epiphytes), on the surface of leaves (epiphylls), and on the rock surface. Some liverworts are even able to persist in truly desert environments. The ocean and other salty aquatic habitats are the only environments where liverworts are absent. (http://www. biology. duke. edu/bryology/liTol/ecoConsRefs. html). Life Cycle of Liverworts The unique life cycle of liverworts and hornworts consists of a spore producing body called a sporophyte that is attach to and dependent on the gamete producing body called gametophyte for its nutrient supply. The taxonomy and proper identification of these two groups of bryophytes depend on characters observed from both the gametophyte and sporophyte bodies. The gametophyte body is haploid (one set of chromosomes) and produces the sex organ, either the archegonia (female) or the antheridia (male). The sex organs of liverworts are surrounded and protected by specialize leafy appendages or the other types of protected structures, while that of hornworts are sunken into the gametophyte for protection. The female archegonium is flask-shaped structure consisting of a long neck and an enlarged basal portion (venter) where the egg cell is born. Contrasting the male antheridium is the elongated or oblong structure with a basal stalk (Piippo et al, 2002). Economic Importance of Liverworts Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along stream banks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of soil crusts in deserts and Polar Regions. However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as Riccia fluitans, are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in aquariums. Their thin, slender branches float on the waters surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them (Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, amp; S. E. Eichhorn. 2005). In United States Geological Survey of Forest and Rangeland and Ecosystem Science in July 21, 2003, liverworts also have great potential as indicator for long-term ecological monitoring because they are obviously an important aesthetic and functional part of park ecosystems; they are susceptible to changes in air quality, precipitation chemistry and climate. The liverworts, together with mosses and hornworts, play a vital role in, and constitute a major part of, the biodiversity in moist forest, wetland, mountain and tundra ecosystems. They frequently dominate (co-dominate with lichens) severely stressed environments, such as exposed mountain summits, upland stream communities, and toxic environments (e. g. , soil rich in heavy metals), where most vascular plants are unable to compete successfully (Hallingback, N 2000). Medicinal uses of Liverworts Bryophytes are good sources of medicine such as the liverworts which contain biologically active substances and recent study in the United States on the anti-cancer properties of bryophytes has been rewarding. Some of the result of this research can be found in Spjut et. al. (2007). In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the liver, hence the name. In Old English, the word liverwort literally means liver plant (Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, amp; S. E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th ed. , page 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts (which resemble a liver in outline), and led to the common name of the group as hepatics, from the Latin word hepaticus for â€Å"belonging to the liver†. An unrelated flowering plant, Hepatica, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the â€Å"Doctrine of Signatures† (Sadava, David; David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum, 2009) Several Researches Conducted Related to Liverworts The liverwort flora is still largely unknown in as much as reports of collection are scanty, widely scattered and cannot easily be assembled. The following list of known records has been exhausted by the researchers. Azuelo (2005) in her report of Bryophytes Flora in Mt. Malindang, Misamis Oriental that there are 11 families, 13 Genera and 18 species of liverworts. Liverworts have 3 families, genera and species as cited by (Neri et. al 2007) In the study conducted by (Repolidon and Colinares, 2012) they reported 23 species with 5 families and 11 genera of liverworts along the mountain streams in Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Lastly, (Azuelo, et. al 2012) in their study on Species Richness of Bryophytes and Lichens in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon reported that there are twelve (12) families, twenty (20) genera and sixty-two (62) species of liverworts found in the said study site. METHODOLOGY A. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) with the Locale People A letter was personally given to the office of the Punong   Barangay of Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon before the conduct of the study. B. Establishment of the Study Area and Sampling Design The conduct of inventory of liverworts was done by quadrat sampling within 20 x 20 meters inside the quadrat. All the liverworts were collected along the study site were listed, and their associated habitats were noted. C. Location of the Study site The research sites were located in Mt. Kalatungan Range National Park situated in san Guinto, Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. The site was located in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan Range. The said site has approximately 2,008 meters above sea level and the relative humidity is 14? C. D. Research Design The study utilized the descriptive and research survey. E. Preparation of Herbarium Specimen The collected specimens of liverworts was placed in a plastic bag with a field label data such as: collection number, data of collection, associated habitats and the presence of the sporophyte. This was then air dried and place in packet envelope and will properly label for herbarium vouchers. F. Identification, Classification and Description of Liverworts Species The specimens was identified and classified based on their gametophyte differentiation: leafy and thalloid. Leafy liverworts are described morphologically by their diagnostic characters such as color, size, leaf insertion, and leaf apex and leaf margins. Thalloid liverworts are described morphologically based on plant habit: prostrate, ascending, erect or hanging; whether the body is dichotomous or irregular; presence of midrib; presence of involucres on the reproductive organ. Identification was made using the existing herbaria and keys from books, scientific articles and journals. Further examinations were done through field lens. The specimen was initially identified by the researchers and confirmed by Dr. Andrea G. Azuelo, a bryologist based in Central Mindanao University, Musuan Bukidnon. G. Species Distribution in the Site The number of families, genera, and species of the collected specimens in the site was determined and compared. H. Photo Documentation A digital camera was used for the documentation for the study site and the specimen was taken from their natural habitats. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION _______________________________________ The results shows a total of twenty one (21) species with eight (8) genera and eight (8) families found in the study site. Based on their gametophyte differentiation, leafy and thalloid liverworts were observed. There are three (3) thalloids liverworts species and eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species. Most of the species collected were confined on decayed logs because most likely the decayed logs were more preferable habitat of liverworts. Given are the species of Liverworts and their description collected on the mossy forest on December 27-29, 2012. Family : Metzgeriaceae Collection Number: 1 Scientific Name: Metzgeria sp. Description:Leafy liverworts, Dark green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lack air chambers, air pores, ventral scales and pegged rhizoids. Marginal hairs, single pairs, curved and hooked. Collection Number: 2 Scientific Name: Metzgeria consanguine Description:  Ã‚   Leafy liverworts. Yellow green when fresh and dark green when dry. Family: Lepidoziaceae Collection Number: 3 Scientific Name: Lepidozia sp. Description:Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical to ovate, alternate distantly arranged, leaf base plains, leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo, 2005) Collection number: 4 Scientific name: Lepidozia sp. 1 Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical; leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex toothed(Azuelo 2006). Collection Number: 5 Scientific name: Bazzania sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Green to dark green when dry and green to yellow green in tip when dry. Lateral leaves lingulate-cutriform; Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; Leaf apex toothed (Azuelo,2005). Collection Number: 6 Scientific name: Bazzania sp. 2 Description: Leafy liverworts. Green to dark glossy green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaf irregular lingulate; leaf base plain,leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 7 Scientific name: Bazzania tridens Description: Leafy liverworts. Dark glossy green when fresh greenish brown when dry. Leaf spreading/parent. Lateral leaf irregular lingulate; leaf base plain, leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo, 2005) Family: Pallaviciniaceae Collection Number: 8 Scientific name: Pallvicinia llyellii Description: Thalloid liverworts. Green when fresh and greenish brown when dry,  branched. Leaves in many lobes,leaf base plain; leaf margin entire;leaf apex round; presence of â€Å"vita† (Azuelo et. al. 2011). Family: Marchantiaceae Collection Number: 9 Scientific name: Marchantia polymorpha Description: Thalloid   liverwort. Green when fresh and brownish green when dry. Leaves in many lobe;leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex round; presence of costa(Azuelo et. al. 2011). Collection Number: 10 Scientific name: Dumortiera hirsuta Description: Thalloid liverwort. Green when fresh and dry. Leaves in many lobes,leaf base plain, leaf margin entire; leaf apex round. Presence of â€Å"vitta†. (Azuelo et. al. 2011). Family: Schistochilaceae Collection Number: 11 Scientific name: Schistochila sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and yellowish green when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical; Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 12 Scientific name: Schistochila sp. 2 Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Collection Number:13 Scientific name: Schistochila aligera Description: Leafy liverworts. Yellow when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Collection Number: 14 Scientific name: Schistochila macrodonta Description: Leafy liverworts. Yellow green when fresh and dark green when dry. Lateral leaves oblong; leaf base cordate; leaf margin serrulate, leaf apex entire. Family: Plagiochilaceae Collection Number: 15 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. Description:Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and brown when dry; lateral leaves cultriform-lingulate, leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex toothed in one side, entire in other side. Absence of ventral/under leaves. Collection Number: 16 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. 1 Description: Leafy liverworts. Light green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaves cultriform,leaf margin dentate,leaf apex obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number:17 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. lateral   leaves ovate, leaf margin dentate,leaf apex very obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 18 Scientific name: Plagiochila bantamensis Description : Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and pale green when dry. Leaves long, narrowly inserted to the stem, unlobed, toothed. Ventral leaf base forms a sac with ciliate margins; underleaves ciliate-dentate margins. Collection Number:19 Scientific name: Plagiochila javanica Description:Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire, leaf apex acute. Family: Geocalycaceae Collection Number: 20 Scientific name: Heteroscyphus sp. Description :Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. With 2-3 asymetrical teeth at leaf apices. Family: Lejeuneaceae Collection Number:21 Scientific name: Lejeunia sp. Description: Leafy liverwort. Green when fresh and dry,leaf margin entire and apex  Ã‚  Ã‚  blunty pointed. The table 1 (Appendix A) shows that families Lepidoziaceae , Plagiochilaceae and Schistochilaceae had abundance species found in the study site namely: Lepidozia sp, Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens, Bazzania sp. and Bazzania sp. 2 for the family Lepidoziaceae. For the family Plagiochilaceae the following species were identified: Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1 Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica and Plagiochila bantamensis . Schistochila macrodonta Schistochila sp, Schistochila sp. 2 and Schistochila aligera are the species collected for family Schistochilaceae. While families Metzgeriaceae, Geocalecaceae and Lejeuneaceae had less abundance species. Namely: Metzgeria sp. and Metzgeria consanguine for family Metzgeriaceae; Heteroscyphus sp. (family Geocalecaceae ) and Lejeunea sp. (family Lejeuneaceae). Among the identified species of liverworts there are three (3) thalloids liverworts species namely: Pallavicinia llyeii , Dumortiera hirsuta and Marchantia polymorpha sp. and eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species: Metzgeria sp. , Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp, Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens, Bazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2, Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2, Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1, Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. Most of the species collected were confined on decayed logs because most likely the decayed logs were more preferable habitat of liverworts Table 2 (Appendix B). The results shows a total of eight (8) families namely: Family Metzgeriaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Schistochilaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Geocalecaceae, and Lejeuneceae. This also includes eight (8) genera namely: Metzgeria, Lepidozia, Pallavicinia, Marchantia, Schistochila, Plagiochila, Heteroscyphus and Lejeunea. The findings of the study shows that there are twenty one (21) species of liverworts collected namely: Metzgeria sp, Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp. , Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens,   Bazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2,Pallavicinia llyeii, Dumortiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha sp. , Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2,Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1,   Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. Table 3 (Appendix C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The table 4 (Appendix D) shows that some species of liverworts collected has a medicinal importance. This includes the species of   Dumortiera sp. s source for antibiotics: Marchantia polymorpha as diuretics for liver ailments, insect bites, boils and abscesses, treat pulmonary tuberculosis, with growth inhibiting substances; used to cure cuts, fractures, poisonous bites, burns, scalds, and open wounds, for cardiovascular disease; Pallavicinia sp. as extracts for antimicrobial activity; Plagiochila sp. exhibits anti-leukemic activity/anti-microbial activity; Bazzania sp. exhibits anti-fungal activity; and Leujenia sp. can cure chest pain. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary and Conclusion This research is conducted to be able to inventory the distribution of liverworts in the mossy forest in Mt. Kalatungan, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Specifically this study aimed to: 1) collect, classify and identify the liverworts in the study sites. 2) determine how the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest and 3) determine the species of liverworts with medicinal value. Based on the findings of the study, twenty one (21) species of liverworts were collected with eight families namely: Family Metzgeriaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Schistochilaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Geocalecaceae, and Lejeuneceae. This also includes eight (8) genera namely: Metzgeria, Lepidozia, Pallavicinia, Marchantia, Schistochila, Plagiochila, Heteroscyphus and Lejeunea. The findings of the study shows that there are twenty one (21) species of liverworts collected namely: Metzgeria sp, Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp. , Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens,   Bazzania sp. , Bazzania sp. 2,Pallavicinia llyeii, Dumortiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha sp. , Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2,Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1,   Plagiochila sp. ,Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. The identified species were identified according to gametophyte differentiation: leafy and thalloid. There are a total of eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species and three (3)   thalloids liverworts species. The collected species were also classified based on their taxonomic characters such as color, classification, shape, apex a nd margin. Findings also shows that there are six (6) of liverworts had potential value in medicine. This includes: Durmotiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha, Pallavicinia sp. Plagiochila sp. , Bazzania sp. ,and Leujenia sp. Most of the species are recorded to possess antimicrobial activity, anti-leukemic and anti-fungal property. Recommendation The researchers recommends that further study on the morphological  diversity of liverworts requires an in-depth study to carefully explore and describe their morphology  character. It is also recommended to conduct study on the other parts of the mossy forest with establishments of more sampling plots in the study sites and the factors   that affect the species distribution has to be considered. Further scientific research on the study sites should be conducted to find out more medicinal species of liverworts for the benefits of everyone. LITERATURE CITED Azuelo,A. ,Sariana,L. ,Magday,E. ,and Montecillo,R. 2012. Species Richness and Biodiversity of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bryophytes and Lichens in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Azuelo,A. ,Sariana,L. and Pabualan,M. 2011. Some Medicinal Bryophytes: Their Ethnobotanical Uses and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morphology. Asian Journal of Biodiversity. Bongay,K. , Lofranco,M. , and Maribao,H. 2012. Distribution of Liverworts along Maradugao   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   River, Malinao, Kalilangan, Bukidnon. Manville,G. ,Webster,H. , and Stabley,J. Bryophytes and Lichens: Review of Status in Pennsylvania. Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, and S. E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th ed. , page 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. Sadava, David; David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum (2009). Life: The Science of Biology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (9th ed. ). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 599. ISBN  1429246448. WEBLIOGRAPHY http://www. anbg. gov. au/bryophyte/liverwort-leafy. html Appendix A TABLE 1:   Family, genera and species of liverworts found in the study sites. FAMILY| GENERA| SPECIES| Metzgeriaceae| Metzgeria| Metzgeria sp. Metzgeria consanguine| Lepidoziaceae| Lepidozia| Lepidozia spLepidozia sp. 1Bazzania tridensBazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2| Pallaviciniaceae| Pallavicinia| Pallavicinia llyeii| Marchantiaeceae| Marchantia| Dumortiera hirsutaMarchantia polymorpha sp. | Schistochilaceae| Schistochila| Schistochila macrodontaSchistochila sp. Schistochila sp. 2Schistochila aligera| Plagiochilaceaea| Plagiochila| Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1Plagiochila sp. 2Plagiochila javanicaPlagiochila bantamensis| Geocalecaceae| Heteroscyphus| Heteroscyphus sp. | Lejeuneaceae| Lejeuneae| Lejeunea sp. Appendix B Table 2: Types of liverworts based on their classification and their habitats Family| Species| Types| Habitat| Metzgeriaceae| Metzgeria sp. Metzgeria consaguine| LeafyLeafy| Tree rootsTwigs| Lepidoziaceae| Lepidozia spLepidozia sp. 1Bazzania tridensBazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Decayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logs| Palla viciniaceae| Pallavicinia llyeii| Thalloids| Decayed roots| Marchantiaeceae| Dumortiera hirsutaMarchantia polymorpha sp. | ThalloidsThalloids| Decayed branchDecayed logs| Schistochilaceae| Schistochila macrodontaSchistochila sp. Schistochila sp. 2Schistochila aligera| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Decayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logs| Plagiochilaceaea| Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1Plagiochila sp. 2Plagiochila javanicaPlagiochila bantamensis| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Tree trunkTree trunkDecayed branchDecayed branchSoil/Decayed logs| Geocalecaceae| Heteroscyphus sp. | Leafy| Fallen branch| Lejeuneaceae| Lejeunea sp. | Leafy| Decayed logs| Appendix C TABLE 3: Summary of Liverworts collected in Mt. kalatungan, Pangantucan,   Bukidnon. FAMILIES| GENERA| SPECIES| Metzgeriaceae| 1| 2| Lepidoziaceae| 1| 5| Pallaviciniaceae| 1| 1| Marchantiaceae| 1| 2| Schistochilaceae| 1| 4| Plagiochilaceae| 1| 5| Geocalycacea| 1| 1| Lejeuneaceae| 1| 1| TOTAL 8| 8| 21| Appendix D TABLE 4: Species of liverworts and their medicinal uses or properties found in the study sites SPECIES OF LIVERWORTS| MEDICINAL USES| 1. Durmotiera hirsuta| As source for antibiotics *| 2. Marchantia polymorpha  | As diuretics for liver ailments, insect bites, boils and abscesses, treat pulmonary tuberculosis, with growth inhibitingsubstances; used to cure cuts, fractures, poisonous bites, burns, scalds, and open wounds, for cardiovascular disease *| 3. Pallavicinia sp. | Extracts for antimicrobial activity *| 4. Plagiochila sp. | Exhibits anti-leukemic activity/anti-microbial activity*| 5. Bazzania sp. | Exhibits anti-fungal activity***| 6. Leujenia sp| Can cure chest pain**| References:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * Azuelo, et. al. 2011. Asian Journal of Biodiversity. Volume 2 ** Boom,1996:67 *** http://. arkat-usa. org/get-file/18667/

Thematic Essay Question Revolutions Essay Example

Thematic Essay Question Revolutions Essay Danjai Jones 11/21/11 Social StudiesThematic essay question It as once said that â€Å"Political, economic and social conditions have often led to turning points that have changed the course of history for nations and peoples. † In other words at times of discomfort within a region or country they tend to lead to a revolution to meet the most publics wants and needs. One example of a turning point in our history is â€Å"The French Revolution†. The reason being for its importance is The French Revolution marked the beginning of prodigious changes that would affect world history. Despite the revolution occurring internally in France and only lasting twelve years (1787-1799), the lasting effects would be felt internationally, with direct repercussions reaching from areas as far as North America to the Dutch East Indies. Despite some of the Revolutions consequences being short-lived, it is obvious that after viewing the cultural, social, and political effects of the French Revolution it should be regarded as successful. Effects of the Revolution range from as petit as the spread of the metric system to as grand as the shift from absolutism to republicanism. In addition There is universal agreement that the political and administrative face of France was wholly altered: a republic based around elected – mainly bourgeois deputies replaced a monarchy supported by nobles while the many and varied feudal systems were replaced by new, usually elected institutions which were applied universally across France. Culture was also affected, at least in the short term, with the revolution permeating every creative endeavour. However, there is still debate over whether the revolution permanently changed the social structures of France or whether they were only altered in the short term. We will write a custom essay sample on Thematic Essay Question Revolutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thematic Essay Question Revolutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thematic Essay Question Revolutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another example is â€Å"The Enlightenment Age†. The Age Of Reason, as it was called, was vastly spreading very quickly across the European continent. In the late 17th century, scientists like Isaac Newton and writers like John Locke were opposing the original unethical order. Newtons laws of gravity and motion described the world in ways of natural laws beyond any spiritual force. In the wake of political turmoil in England, Locke made people reconsider the right of people to change a governmental system that did not appropriately protect or protect natural rights of life, liberty and property at all. People were beginning to doubt the continued survival of a God who could determine the life of human beings in advance to heaven or hell indefinitely and empower a tyrant for a king. Europe would be forever changed by these ideas. The Enlightenment Age is an important factor history turning point because the old way of life was represented by a common held but unjustified belief beyond scientific explanation, also a causation leading to certain consequences of an action or event of an angry God, and absolute submission to authority. The thinkers of the Age of Reason created something new` in a new way of thinking. This new way supported the cause of the accomplishments of humankind. Individuals did not have to accept the complete loss or absence of hope. Science and reason could bring happiness and progress. Kings did not rule by divine right. They had a responsibility to their subjects. Europeans thought about the concluded statement for nearly a century. In conclusion both implemented issues in this essay are both very strong and are connected turning points in our history. They both changed the way of life indefinitely to revolutionize the lives of many.

Whats in store for the workplace in 2018ÂÂ

Whats in store for the workplace in 2018   As one year ends and another begins, it’s a good time to start thinking about what may be lying ahead for you work-wise in 2018. It’s obvious that the world is changing pretty rapidly, with advances in technology and consumer demands having a tremendous impact on the workplace across all industries. Here’s an example- it’s fair to say that the traditional routine of commuting to work Monday through Friday and punching a clock from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. is disappearing; in many professional sectors it has already gone the way of the dinosaur and in others it’s quickly evaporating, leaving many of us to wonder what’s next. A recent article on Ladders made some interesting predictions regarding workplace changes that could possibly be in store for us in 2018. If you’re wondering about what might be lying ahead for you at your current job or if the coming year might be a good time to make a career change, then keep reading!More flexible work ar rangementsIf there’s one thing that technological advances in recent years have changed it’s the ability to work from absolutely anywhere- these days, you can even get work done while waiting on line at the grocery store. More people are being more productive than ever before on their laptops, tablets, and smartphones and getting work done at home, while running errands or waiting for appointments, or wherever else they have pockets of spare time (and Internet access).Progressive employers have already capitalized on this trend by allowing their employees to take advantage of opportunities to work remotely. This can be a real win-win situation- employees get to save on the time, hassle, and expense of having to commute back and forth from work every day, and employers get to save money on things like office supplies and have a happier staff (and potentially greater employee retention from the added perk). Count on this telecommuting trend to continue through 2018 and b eyond.Decreasing full-time positionsModern innovations in the workplace have ushered in a new way of thinking about employee productivity. Simply put, companies are discovering creative ways to do more with less and to leverage new technology to empower fewer employees to get more work done. As a result, companies are reimagining what they need from a dedicated staff and are shifting away from hiring full-time employees and towards hiring part-time, freelance, and contract employees as needed for work projects- for better or for worse. This represents a real cost-savings for the average company, and in an economy in which domestic growth is sluggish at best, it’s a compelling option that less and less companies will shy away from in 2018.The rise of employee engagementAs companies learn to do more with less and rely on a smaller, more valuable core group of employees to drive productivity, expect to see a greater focus on making sure that these employees are fully engaged and happy. Why is this a growing trend? Employee turnover with leaner staffs can represent a significant loss of time, money, and institutional knowledge, so doing whatever it takes to keep folks happy- and in place- will become more strategically important. This can take lots of different forms- from added incentives and perks on the job to more flexibility regarding work-life balance and life outside of work.Greater cultural diversity and awarenessIt’s obvious that most progressive societies are moving towards a greater understanding, awareness, and appreciation of cultural diversity, and this is trickling down into the modern workplace. In 2018, expect to see most companies enhancing their efforts to ensure that their workplaces reflect the rich diversity that exists in our increasingly globalized world. Furthermore, according to Amy Cooper Hakim, Ph.D. and industrial-organizational psychologist, â€Å"more companies will hold training classes (both virtually and in-person) to ensure that all members of an organization treat others with respect. This respect is vital for interactions with employees, employers, stakeholders, and clients.†There you have it- some workplace predictions for the coming year. Although you can expect to see some variation across industries and companies, you can count on these trends continuing in the workplace in general through 2018 and beyond.

Improving management with UK high performing companies Assignment

Improving management with UK high performing companies - Assignment Example 2005:5). W.L. conducts customer survey as a means of equipping the management with customer needs. Customer responsiveness would determine the survival of a company in the market or its exits. Understanding consumer behaviour is a mechanism that helps the company to develop management strategies, which target customers’ needs. Markets analysts believe that disparities that affect service quality would influence high performance of an organization. Balancing of management perceptions verses customer expectation is a factor that would influence the overall performance of the company. W.L. Gore approach to Performance Management W.L. Gore uses the following approaches to create an environment of performance management. First, W. L. Gore management has instituted teamwork in company performance. Production of products constitutes efforts from various departments in a company. For instance, manufacturing department has to lies with logistic department to deliver material in time. A ccounting department has to settle financial constrains of the company and human resource department has to ensure satisfaction. Organisations, which demonstrate elements of teamwork, post impressive results because they are able to respond to customer demands as well as employees needs (Allen and Wilburn, 2002:56). Motivation theories attribute employee satisfaction to the amount of services they deliver to the company. Quick respond of consumer expectations ensures that company remains viable in the market. Company’s sales indicate that consumers of the company’s product are happy about the quality offered in the market. Second, W.L. Gore management has introduced employee training with a view of equipping employees with skills required in challenging environment. Advances in... The paper introduces to the W.L. Gore as a material company, which has demonstrated high performance in UK. The service culture of the company puts it a notch high among other companies because it has been able to command a great success. The paper stresses out that W. L. Gore operates in a highly competitive environment. This challenge demands strategic approaches that would influence product behaviour in the market. What we are also reminded in the paper is the information that W.L. Gore uses the following approaches to create an environment of performance management: , its management has instituted teamwork in company performance. Second, W.L. Gore management has introduced employee training with a view of equipping employees with skills required in challenging environment. Third, W. L. Gore uses quality leadership to create an environment of high performance. Fourth, W. L. Gore demonstrates effective service delivery and product production because it has addressed issues, which i nfluence product supply and customer satisfaction. Then we are swiftly moved to another case, which is the Bacardi & Martini. The paper indicates that Bacardi & Martini UK case of performance management is due to competitive market environment, consumer behaviour, and change in technology. This assignment teaches that the consumer behaviour demonstrates the level of satisfaction, where you can also read specific examples about it. In conclusion, organisations address factors that influence employee satisfaction as well as customer responsiveness.

Green roofs vs Conventional roofs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Green roofs vs Conventional roofs - Essay Example On the other hand, conventional roofs are the more common type of roofs made of such materials as glass, wood, concrete, and bricks. This paper draws a comparison between the green roofs and the conventional roofs. Types The conventional roof has many types. Types of the conventional roof include but are not limited to the single ply roofs, built-up roofs, metal roofs, and asphalt shingle roofs. Single ply roofs are sheet-like membranes manufactured in the factory. Thermoplastic membranes and thermoset membranes are the two types of single ply membranes. Built-up roofs contain several layers of reinforced membranes and modified bitumen roofs. Built-up roofs are the most common as well as the oldest type of conventional roofs. They are also called as the gravel or tar roofs. There are three components in the built-up roofs, which include a layer of waterproofing, a reinforcement layer, topped with a surfacing layer. It is installed with the help of asphalt or coal tar. Structural meta l panel roofs are used for roofs with low slopes as they have the characteristic quality of water barrier. They can also be used for roof assemblies with steep roofs. The structural metal panel roofs are constructed in such a way that water cannot pass through the joints. These roofs are installed in a broad range of substrates. Asphalt shingle roofs are amongst the most commonly used roofs where the slope is steep. There are two types of asphalt shingle roofs; organic roofs and fiber glass roofs. â€Å"Organic consists of paper saturated with asphalt to make it waterproof with a top coat of adhesive with embedded ceramic granule† (gogreenconstructionnow.com, n.d.). Owing to their greater weight, organic shingle roofs offer better blow-off resistance as compared to the fiber glass roofs. Roof shingles may contain single or multiple layers, but all types contain an adhesive strip which is sun-activated and serves as a sealant for the rows. There are three main types of green r oofs; extensive green roofs, semi-intensive green roofs, and intensive green roofs. The extensive green roofs are used in ecological landscapes. The type of vegetation used in the extensive green roofs ranges from moss and herbs to grasses. The depth of substrate in the extensive green roofs is between 60 mm and 200 mm, and their weight is in the range of 60 kg/m2 to 150 kg/m2 (Livingroofs.org, 2012). The cost of extensive green roofs is the lowest of the three types of green roofs. The semi-intensive green roofs are used in ecological landscapes as well as gardens. The type of vegetation employed in them includes herbs, grass, and shrubs. Their depth of substrate ranges from 120 mm to 250 mm whereas their weight is generally between 120 kg/m2 and 200 kg/m2. The cost of semi-intensive green roofs is periodic. The intensive green roofs are used in parks and gardens. The type of vegetation used in the intensive green roofs ranges from perennials and shrubs to trees. Their depth of sub strate is generally 150 mm to 400 mm. The weight of the intensive green roofs is between 180 kg/mm2 and 500 kg/mm2. The cost of intensive green roofs is the highest of the three types of green roofs. Cost Payne et al. (n.d.) conducted a research to compare the expenses associated with the green roofs to the cost of conventional tar roofs to identify the places where the installation of a green roof is more feasible economically than the conventional roof.

Morality in Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Morality in Humanities - Essay Example An obvious question that would crop up in the restless mind of man would be, â€Å"Why are we born; and what is our purpose in life?† Religion ideally answers this question and hence has been a pivotal factor for determining the transitions in the standards of morality. A striking example of this is the authority of the clergy till some centuries ago in all parts of the world. All major decisions on judging or defining morality, whether social or personal had some or the other influence of the priesthood. However, religions as practised by the masses have also undergone various changes. It is no more as rigid and sacrosanct today as it was earlier. People now tend towards applying critical and rational thinking. For instance, a comparatively larger percentage of today’s population is more concerned and observant about animal rights, than about personal salvation. (The rise and activities of various animal rights groups can attest this fact.)Hence, animal sacrifices for religious reasons are close to hitting nadir in the American society. Thus it can be argued that relaxation of religious dogmas have led towards new moral standards, those of eco-sensitivity and freedom from religious restrictions, the degrees varying according to the demographics. Today’s man is far-more free-thinking and tolerant and considers it below his moral standards to deny the rights of living to others for personal gains. Therefore, at least in the west religion is gradually losing its hold over morality since most of those nations are secular and statistics suggest that more and more people are turning towards atheism and agnosticism there. For example in the U.S. the figure is 15% in 2008 compared to about 8.2 in 1990. (Kosmin, Keyser, Highlight) Another prominent factor governing the transitions in morality is family. Man spends most of his life with his family adhering to its needs, demands and laws since it is the same family

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Social Issues

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Social Issues Inequality is a matter for concern for every society. Using this statement discuss the uneven spatial access of resources to alleviate poverty Introduction Inequality is a topic that has been increasingly dismissed by many in power for a substantial period of time. Jones (2012) talks of how it has been thought of as an ‘airy- fairy irrelevance’: all that matters is that the living standards of all were improving; this has not been the case though, especially in Britain. This essay will focus on Britain arguing that unless inequality is urgently addressed, it will lead to a large range of economic and social issues. From this the uneven spatial access of resources shall be looked at with a specific focus on opportunity and trust, two issues which are in vital need of attention if poverty is to be alleviated. Politicians need to take a central role in attempting to eradicate inequality; Jackson and Segal (2004) argue that many people, including some on the Left express doubts about whether economic inequality matters to public policy. Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) in their book, The Spirit Level: Why Equal Societies Almost Alw ays Do Better, highlight that less equal societies tend to do worse when it comes to health, education and general well-being. This has been echoed by many others (Brandolini, 2007; Jackson and Segal, 2004; Jones, 2012; Smeeding, 2004, 2005, 2006) yet the government has done very little resulting in inequality in Britain being the fourth highest in the developing world (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009). Opponents of inequality will argue that if most of us are better off than we used to be, does it matter if some are much, much better off than most? This is a question that shall be addressed as it is central to promoting the argument that inequality is a matter of concern for us all. Defining Poverty Before continuing it is important to define what poverty is. The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (2009) definition is: ‘Living in poverty shall be taken to mean persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member State in which they live.’ The second definition is from Townsend (1997): ‘The definition of poverty most commonly applied in economically advanced societies is the exclusion from the life of the society due to lack of resources’ Two definitions from different time periods have been used as it is important to get a perspective from different years to see if the definition has changed. As you can see both definition are similar with the exception that the Oxford Handbook (2009) definition is far broader that Townsends’ (1997) definition which focuses on economically developed countries. These two definitions shall be used as the platform when discussing poverty further into this essay and so as such inclusion and exclusion as a form of poverty are the main focus of this essay. Why we should Care about Inequality Since the Coalition came into power in 2010, they have promoted their key phrase of ‘We’re all in it together.’ Jones (2012) sees this as a ludicrous statement because while the average Briton faces the most protracted squeeze in living standards since the 1920s, the Sunday Times Rich List reveals an ever-booming elite. In the developed world there is an obsession with gazing upon those richer than us, peering into their ludicrously privileged lives to see how they function. This can be seen with the rising popularity of shows such as Channel 4’s Made in Chelsea, the show capturing the lives of London’s elite living in Chelsea. Wollaston (2013) describes the show and its main characters very well: ‘these are ghastly, ghastly people – vacuous, petty, dull, and offensive. But there is kind of open-mouthed fascination in watching Made in Chelsea. Its about incredulity more than anything else, tinged with just a hint of jealousy and lechery. Well, they are rather splendid to look at.’ Made in Chelsea is a fitting example to use when looking at how people think about inequality. The vast majority of viewers for the show will look enviously at the characters but would take little if any time at all to consider how and why they are so wealthy considering they seem to do so little. They just want to live their lavish lifestyles; Krugman (2007) notes how this pattern of the wealthy spending more leads to others attempting to do the same. This has led to household debt and inequality rising in both the USA and UK, especially in the run up to the financial crisis in 2008. Krugman (2007) highlights that there is a link between inequality and the financial crises that occurred in 1929 and 2008- both coincided with historic levels of inequality. It should not take financial meltdown to get people talking and thinking about inequality. Shows like Made in Chelsea act as tools to make the general population forget about ineq uality when in fact they should be highlighting it; when this begins to happen inequality will be taken far more seriously by both those in power and the general population. In the introduction the question was posed that if most of us are better off than we used to be, does it matter if some are much, much better off than most? Mandelson (1998) said that the New Labour government was, â€Å"Intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich.† With politicians having so much power it is imperative that inequality is a matter of concern for them as they can attempt to implement changes needed. This has not and still is not the case though, Jackson and Segal (2004) argue that governments could fix inequality but chose not to and put the recent growth in inequality down to policy decisions taken by the government in the 1980’s and 90’s. During this period Labour ideology and policy was revised, inequality became a taboo subject, something that members of the Labour party seemed to be almost embarrassed about as they potentially thought it may revert back to Old Labour ideals. Jackson and Segal (2004) talk of how the anti-egalitarian thr ust of Thatcherism and the enthusiasm of members to secure the support of affluent floating voters meant that the Labour leadership was transformed. Hattersley (1997) notes the party leadership believed the pursuit of greater equality was an objective that put an arbitrary cap on individuals’ aspirations. Equality does not cap individuals’ aspirations; it just gives everyone a fair platform on which to start. This point was outlined by Kinnock (1987) where he attacked the ‘savage unfairness of the Conservative policy,’ and talked of how if people had a platform on which to stand and build their business or reputation they would flourish. From this point we can move on to talk about opportunity, a resource that must be utilised to move forward as a country and alleviate poverty. The Uneven Access of Opportunity â€Å"For me, the goal of social democracy is to create the sort of society in which the daughter of a Hartlepool shop assistant has as much chance of becoming a High Court judge as the daughter of a Harley Street doctor.† Peter Mandelson, 1998. The statement above from Peter Mandelson is a point which the UK should strive to work towards. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that the richer you are the greater ability you have to do as you want without interference from others. Using the example from above, the daughter of a Harley Street doctor would most likely get a good education and progress onto university if she wanted. The daughter of a Hartlepool shop assistant could have the exact same wants but economically it may not be possible to do as she wants. Table showing correlation between father’s quartile and son’s quartile Source: Dearden, Machin and Reed, 1997, p62 The table above strengthens the argument that there is a connection between class origins and destinations and truly highlights how levels of opportunity are very low for a child born into the lowest level. Britain has to improve the figures shown above to stop the prospect of there being a generation of children born into poverty with no hope, few aspirations and no platform on which to start. Rawls (1999) notes that while a meritocratic might argue that an individual deserves to be able to eat in fine restaurants or own a new car as a result of her superior productive contribution, it is harder to claim that an individual deserves to be healthier or to be better educated simply as a result of his/her (or his/her parents’) talents. Being born into a poorer family should not impact your opportunities, but unfortunately this seems to be the case in many places. This essay has argued that equality in opportunity needs to be achieved in the attempt to alleviate poverty. Brooks (2008) has argued though that what people really need is neither material equality nor equality of opportunity but simply good access to economic opportunity. This point of view is one that many would see as a better solution, if everyone had better access to money then surely the playing field would be a more level one? Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) use the example of London, one of the most unequal cities on Earth, where the top 10% receive 273 times more than the bottom 10% (IFS, 2010). This essay would argue that although economic opportunity is an important factor, on its own it would solve nothing. Increasing economic opportunity would do very little in such an unequal place; improving equality of opportunity would allow people to truly strive towards their goals without being stopped due to lack of money ,being born in the wrong part of the country or being born i nto a lower class family. Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) highlight that in London there are those who feel excluded and can see what they are denied on an almost daily basis. This was the main reasons for the summer riots in 2011. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that beyond a certain point money does not improve the quality of life in a society but greater equality and opportunity does. Reducing this gap in Britain would facilitate a happier, healthier and more successful population. The most unequal countries, the US, the UK, Portugal and Singapore have much worse social problems than the most equal countries of Japan, Sweden and Norway (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009). Effects of Low Levels of Trust Another significant factor in trying to alleviate poverty is increasing the levels of trust in Britain. Uslaner (2002) argues that to maintain trust between members of a community, ‘what matters is not how rich a country is, but how equitable the dispersion of income is.’ In unequal communities members trust one another less; Hsieh and Pugh (1993) highlight that these more unequal societies suffer from higher crime rates, health and education issues and, in particular higher homicide rates. Putnam (2000) argues that growing inequality has coincided with a decline in social cohesion and goes on to say how more detailed empirical studies have shown that tangible social fragmentation is indeed associated with rising inequality. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that in more unequal societies people trust each other less. Inequality undermines the sense of community- as a result of people’s lives being so different the feeling of common citizenship becomes more and more d ifficult. Lansley (2011) talks of how, ‘greater inequality increases status competition and provides fertile soil for the growth of mistrust and isolation.’ These factors aren’t a good platform for a country to grow from and attempt to create a society that tries to include people who want to work. Kawachi (1997) notes how economic efficiency can be enhanced if there is greater interpersonal trust among communities, this would mean a greater number of people being prepared to work with one another creating the potential for a variety of new products and services. Continuing on the subject of trust levels decreasing in Britain, residential segregation depending on social class has increased as people move away from less desirable areas partly as a consequence of spiralling inequality. Hutton (1996) describes residential segregation as, ‘the drawbridge community for the rich and the decaying housing estates locked in viscous circles of depopulation and poverty for the poor.’ With the rich increasingly excluding themselves from others it has serious consequences for attempts to guarantee adequate funding for public services which could then fall into decline leading to those at the bottom losing out. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that shared public services have an important role in social democratic thought: certain goods essential to the health and well-being of citizens are decommodified in order to equalise access of such goods relative to market distribution. These services should be in a space, in which all members of the comm unity are welcome equally, Hutton (1999) highlights that this mixing together of individuals from different backgrounds who would never usually meet is the end goal and helps to keep the services running. However, in a country where levels of inequality are high and trust is low, the wealthy can buy their way out of these services. If the rich are not included in the public system they are likely to be far less supportive of efforts to improve them, and very unhappy at the prospect of having to pay higher taxes needed to fund them. Titmuss (1968) argued that, ‘services for poor people have always tended to be poor quality services.’ If trust was higher the different social classes would mix and we would not have services labelled as rich or poor; services for those at the bottom are so poor it is incredibly difficult for them to get themselves out of poverty and engage with the economy. Britain has the lowest life expectancy out of the 23 most developed countries (Wilki nson and Pickett, 2009) despite spending vast sums of money on healthcare. This is because large amounts of money are going to the wealthy while those at the bottom struggle to survive on what little they are given. Following on from the previous section, we can look at how inequality and trust have led to services for the least well of declining. Schwabish, Smeeding and Osberg (2003) found that countries such as Britain with large levels of economic inequality had lower levels of spending on public programmes that provide goods or income and services to households. This occurs because the rich become more distant from the other classes leading to them finding it easy to opt out of public programmes and convert to private services. This may not seem like a problem at first, but because the rich exert a greater influence over decision and policy making than the other groups political support for these goods and services is eroded. People not only at the bottom, but also in the middle therefore have services that could be far better. Conclusion â€Å"If you are born poor in a more equal society like Finland, Norway or Denmark then you have a better chance of moving into a good job than if you are born in the United States. If you want the American dream – go to Finland.† Ed Miliband, speech to the Sutton Trust 21 May 2012 This essay has shown how two untraditional resources of opportunity and trust can have a huge impact on how we can deal with poverty in Britain. The current and future governments have a huge task ahead of them if they are to reduce poverty and to promote social mobility. Jackson and Segal (2004) highlight the need for policy changes and public attitude changes. For policy changes there is no set rule on how to tackle inequality and poverty, which we have seen throughout this essay are linked very closely. It is clear that policy- makers need to think creatively and broaden their ambitions to forge a strategy for Britain. For public attitude changes Jackson and Segal Jones (2012) note that, ‘a large majority agree with the proposition that the gap between the rich and the poor is too large.’ A large majority agree that the gap between rich and poor is too large, with over 80% agreeing with this statement from the early 1990’s onwards (Hills, 2001). Most will recog nise that the low paid make a huge contribution to society and the economy and thus deserve more than they are getting at present. Once policy and attitudes have changed, as it has been shown in this essay the economy will prosper, society will function more efficiently and this should reduce poverty levels in Britain. References Brooks, A (2008). Gross National Happiness. Why Happiness Matters for America – and How We Can get More of It. New York: Basic Books. Dearden, L, Machin, S and Reed, H, (1997) ‘Intergenerational Mobility in Britain’, Economic Journal, 107, pp47-66. Greenspan, A (2007), The Age of Turbulence, Penguin. Hattersley, R, (1997) ‘Why I’m No Longer Loyal to Labour’, The Guardian, 26 July; Brown, G, (1997) ‘Why Labour is Still Loyal to the Poor’, The Guardian, 2 August Hills, J. (2001) ‘Poverty and Social Security: What Rights? Whose Responsibilities?’ in Park, Curtice, Thompson, Jarvis and Bromley (eds), (2001) British Social Attitudes: The 18th Report – Public Policy, Social Ties, London, Sage, pp8-9; Hsieh, C and Pugh, M, (1993) ‘Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: a Meta-analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies’, Criminal Justice Review, 18, pp182-202. Hutton, W, (1999) ‘Real Cost of the Property Boom’, The Observer, 15 August. Marshall, TH, (1950) Andersen, G, (1990) Citizenship and Social Class, Cambridge, CUP; Esping- The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity, pp35-54. Jackson, B and Segal, P. (2004). Why Inequality Matters. Catalyst Working Paper. Jones, O. (2012). Why Inequality Matters. Centre of Labour and Social Studies Kawachi, I, Kennedy, B, Lochner, K and Prothrow-Stith, D, (1997) ‘Social capital, Income Inequality and Mortality’, American Journal of Public Health, 87, pp1493-4 Kinnock, N, (1987) The Biography, London, Little, Brown Co., p406. Krugman, P. 2003 The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century Krugman, P. 2007. The Conscience of a Liberal Lansley, S (2011) The Costs of Inequality Three Decades of the Super Rich and the Economy, Gibson Square. London Institute for Fiscal Studies (2010). Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2010. Available at: http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/4877.11 Mandelson, P. (1998) ‘New Labour: The Challenge of Becoming New Labour’, at http://www.petermandelson.com/newlabour.shtml. Mandelson, P.1998. Report for the Financial Times by David Wighton on 23 October 1998 Miliband,E. (2012) Speech to the Sutton Trust 21 May 2012 Putnam, R, (2000) Bowling Alone, New York, Simon Schuster, pp358-9 Rawls, J, (1999) [1971] A Theory of Justice, Oxford, OUP, pp63-4. See also Dworkin, R, (2000) Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, Cambridge MA, Harvard UP Salverda, W, Nolan, B and Smeeding, T. (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press Schwabish, J, Smeeding, T and Osberg, L, (2003) ‘Income Distribution and Social Expenditures: A Cross-National Perspective’, Luxembourg Income Series Working Paper No. 350, Syracuse University, p35. Townsend, P, 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth: Penguin Titmuss, RM, (1968) Commitment to Welfare, London, Allen Unwin, p134. Uslaner, E M, (2002) The Moral Foundations of Trust, Cambridge, CUP, pp230- 42, p181. We are grateful to Patti Lenard for guiding us through the literature on trust and inequality. Wilkinson, R and Pickett, K (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane. Wilkinson (2009), op.cit., p. 23 Wollaston, S. 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2013/apr/09/made-in-chelsea-tv-review

The Charge of the Light Brigade Essay example -- English Literature

The Charge of the Light Brigade War poetry is a theme that has inspired many poets. Compare and contrast poems by 2 poets from different eras and cultures. Say which one you prefer and why. The two poems and the poets that I am going to look at are The Charge of the Light Brigade written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Dulce ET Decorum Est. Pro Patria Mori by Wilfred Owen. The first poem was written during the reign of Queen Victoria in England. During this time the Victorians as the people were called had a very religious outlook on life. The account was written by the poet because it was such a bad battle that the government couldn’t let the people see that it had made a great mistake and so it commissioned Tennyson to write the poem saying what a wonderful battle it had been. It was a cover up. The second poem was written by Wilfred Owen while he was on active service during the First World War. He was a young man and was against the terrible waste of life the First World War caused. He believed this was due to bad leadership by the generals. Wilfred Owen was able to experience the war as it really was whereas Tennyson never actually saw the battle he was writing about. Owens’s poem was written because he was in the war and wants to tell you what it was like in the war I am going to write about The Charge of The Light Brigade which is about the Crimean War which was fought between Russia on the one hand and Britain France and Turkey on the other. The charge of the light brigade occurred in November 1854 at Balaclava in the Crimea. The brave six hundred rode straight down a valley that was fortified at its end by many cannon served by Russian and Cossack gunners. The heroes were following confus... ...nces between the two poems are that in one the poet is saying that the war could not have gone any better, and the poem is telling you that the war was the worst one ever. Also The Charge of the Light Brigade has a â€Å"galloping† rhythm all most all the way through the poem. In the Dulce ET Decorum EST Pro Patria Mori poem there is no obvious rhythm to this poem and in fact the slow pace of the poem makes us think of the soldiers trudging through the muddy trenches. One was involved in fighting but Tennyson was simply writing about an event he’d read about and was against the cruelty and waste of life war brought whereas Tennyson wanted people to feel that war was honourable worthwhile and necessary. I prefer Dulce et Decorum est. as it is more realistic and makes me feel sorry for the men in the poem. Tennyson poem does not give a true account of the war.